Initially founded to create a European market for coal and steel, the single market remains at the core of the European Union.
Yet, when looking at Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS), Europe remains a patchwork of local regulations, which creates vastly different requirements and opportunities across the continent. We shed light on how this plays out in Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands.
The need for HEMS
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is causing energy bills to rise to unprecedented levels in European households. While rising gas and oil prices incentivize the switch to electric heating and mobility, electricity prices are also sharply increasing.
For homeowners, integrated solutions for residential electricity generation, i.e. Photovoltaic (PV) systems, and consumption, i.e. battery, heat pump, and EV charger, enable independence from fossil fuels and rising electricity prices and provide an opportunity to minimize carbon emissions.
The technology is ready, but circumstances vary
GridX takes a closer look at the HEMS landscapes in three European countries
HEMS has been deployed in countries across the EU. Deviating regulatory frameworks, however, means that optimization goals and complexities vary significantly from country to country, or even between federal states within a single country (Belgium). This makes it almost impossible to build products for the aforementioned single market.
GridX takes a closer look at the HEMS landscapes in three European countries, and their corresponding regulatory, economic, and infrastructural conditions, to illustrate how these deviations hamper the development of a pan-European solution.
The countries
- Belgium: The Flemish region of Belgium, Flanders, could be considered the laboratory for European energy regulation. Various tariffs and obligations already incentivize the smart optimization of energy flows in Flemish households. This makes Flanders a potential role model for the rest of Europe.
- Germany: The country was a forerunner in PV back in the early 2010s and remains, in absolute terms, Europe's largest residential market. Germany therefore has huge – but still mostly unutilized – potential for energy self-sufficiency.
- Netherlands: The Dutch energy market is primarily known for its unparalleled rollout of residential PV systems. With 17 million inhabitants, the Dutch have installed, as of 2022, an impressive 1.8 million PV systems.
The criteria
- Technology: No smart meter. No party. The widespread installation of connected, digital meters is a prerequisite for any form of billing, other than that based on pure volume.
- Infrastructure: The size of residential grid connections determines whether a broad rollout of additional, large electric loads like heat pumps and EV chargers can be smoothly implemented.
- Incentives: Money makes the world go round. As such, different types of tariffs incentivize (with a financial reward) different behavior: capacity tariffs – billing peak loads – incentivize consumers to level their loads; dynamic tariffs – billing based on the timing of consumption – incentivize consumers to shift loads to times of abundant energy, and feed-in tariffs – receiving less for the renewable electricity supplied to the grid than is charged for the electricity drawn from the grid – incentivize self-consumption.
Belgium (Flanders): The future is now
- Technology: The smart meter rollout is still in progress (29% of households so far). Amongst prosumers, however, the rate is a bit higher.
- Infrastructure: 9-27 kW: The majority of households are equipped with a single-phase connection with a capacity of around 9.2 kW. Some households, however, feature larger connections with up to 27 kW.
- Incentives: Net metering: Flanders has gone all in when it comes to incentives. Prosumers are paid a remuneration for electricity fed into the grid. This remuneration is below retail electricity prices, thereby providing an incentive to maximize self-consumption. Consumers with a smart meter can also opt for variable tariffs, depending on day-ahead spot market prices – both for consumption and feed-in. Moreover, the Flemish government plans to impose capacity tariffs as of 2023, which will charge consumers for their peak loads.
Summary
Prosumers are rewarded for self-consumption, off-peak consumption, and lowered peaks from 2023 onwards
Flanders hints at what the energy market might look like in many more regions shortly. Here, even though the limited grid capacity imposes physical constraints, the ongoing adoption of smart meters enables incentives for grid-friendly consumption patterns.
Prosumers are rewarded for self-consumption, off-peak consumption, and lowered peaks from 2023 onwards. In other words, prosumer incentives are completely aligned with the needs of the grid.
Germany: Self-consumption all the way
- Technology: Planned for years, the rollout of smart meters has been postponed again and again. While change is (finally) foreseeable, there has been limited progress thus far and smart meters remain a rare sight in Germany.
- Infrastructure: 20 kW: The majority of households are equipped with a three-phase connection with a capacity of around 20 kW.
- Incentives: Feed-in tariffs are the dominant incentive scheme in Germany. Depending on when a system is installed, the operator is paid a fixed sum per kWh fed into the grid. This remuneration has been lowered ever since its introduction in 2000. As of July 2022, prosumers receive as little as 6 cents/kWh.
Summary
Since smart meters are virtually non-existent, neither capacity tariffs nor dynamic tariffs are common
The German market provides huge incentives for self-consumption. Given current retail prices of 44 cents/kWh and a feed-in remuneration of 6 cents/kWh, prosumers have a 38-cent/kWh incentive to use self-produced electricity.
Since smart meters are virtually non-existent, neither capacity tariffs nor dynamic tariffs are common.
Netherlands: Done is better than perfect
- Technology: Smart meters are installed as a default with an installation rate of nearly 100% providing a fertile ground for various smart energy services.
- Infrastructure: 9.2 kW: The majority of households is equipped with a single-phase connection with a capacity of 9.2 kW.
- Incentives: Net metering is extremely common in the Netherlands and can be seen as the catalyst for the widespread adoption of solar panels. However, net metering allows prosumers to turn back their meter, giving them no financial incentive for any form of optimization. Net metering will be phased out in the coming years, forcing the 1.8 million PV owners to consider making their setup smarter. Some offers for feed-in and dynamic tariffs are already in place, but they lack traction thus far.
Summary
Nonetheless, net metering has meant that virtually no smart solutions are in place
The Dutch are second to none when it comes to PV adoption and their successful rollout of smart meters also paves the way for any form of tariffs. Nonetheless, net metering has meant that virtually no smart solutions are in place.
The phase-out of net metering, combined with a rise in bigger loads (EVs and heat pumps) imposed on the limited residential connections (10 kW) will create a huge opportunity for integrated, smart solutions shortly.
No two HEMS are the same
Assuming an identical setup (PV, battery, heat pump, and wallbox) in different countries, the incentives for prosumers are rarely the same. Consequently, the requirements for a HEMS differ from country to country.
While a HEMS in Belgium (Flanders) should seek to lower peaks, shift consumption to off-peak hours, and maximize self-sufficiency, a HEMS in Germany is only geared towards maximizing self-consumption. A Dutch household, on the other hand, has no clear incentive to shift loads at all due to the prevalence of net metering.
Local adaptations
With this colorful bouquet of regional regulatory and infrastructural conditions, local adaptations are essential for HEMS. Neglecting regional conditions can quickly lead to blown fuses and low value for consumers.
For internationally active service providers, an agile approach towards energy management is therefore a prerequisite to meet (regulatory) demands across borders. Most probably, rigid Home Energy Management Systems won’t even keep up with the upcoming changes in individual markets.
